Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotic membrane process that uses the natural driving force of osmotic pressure to separate water from a solution. FO uses a semipermeable membrane to separate two solutions with different concentrations: a feed solution and a draw solution. The draw solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the feed solution, which creates an osmotic pressure gradient. The water in the feed solution moves across the membrane to the draw solution, driven by the osmotic pressure difference. How does Forward Osmosis work? As water is drawn from the feed solution into the draw solution across the semi-permeable membrane, two things occur; the feed becomes concentrated, and the draw solution becomes diluted. The result of this is a reduction in the osmotic gradient between solutions and in turn a reduction in the flow rate across the semi-permeable membrane known as flux rate. For forward osmosis to operate continuously, water drawn across the membrane into the draw so...

Rectifier Coating is a type of coating that is applied to the surface of a rectifier to improve its performance and protect it from corrosion. Rectifiers are devices that convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). They are used in a variety of applications, including power supplies, welding machines, and battery chargers. The rectifier coating is typically made of a material that is good conductor of electricity and is also resistant to corrosion. The most common materials used for rectifier coating are: Tin: Tin is a good conductor of electricity and is also resistant to corrosion. It is the most common material used for rectifier coating. Lead: Lead is also a good conductor of electricity and is resistant to corrosion. However, it is not as widely used as tin because it is more expensive. Silver: Silver is the best conductor of electricity, but it is also the most expensive. It is not commonly used for rectifier coating, but it is used in some high-perfor...